Ancient Egyptian Cuisine and Food Habits

Old Egyptian Cuisine and Food Habits Among the old developments, Egyptians delighted in preferred nourishments over most did, because of the nearness of the Nile River coursing through the greater part of settled Egypt, preparing the land with occasional flooding and giving a wellspring of water to inundating yields and watering animals. The vicinity of Egypt to the Middle East made exchange simple, and subsequently Egypt delighted in staples from remote nations also, and their cooking was vigorously impacted by outside eating habits.â The eating regimen of the antiquated Egyptians relied upon their social position and riches. Burial chamber artistic creations, clinical treatises, and prehistoric studies uncover an assortment of nourishments. Workers and slaves would, obviously, eat a restricted eating regimen, including the staples of bread and lager, supplemented by dates, vegetables, and cured and salted fish, however the rich had an a lot bigger range to browse. For affluent Egyptians, accessible food decisions were effectively as wide as they are for some individuals in the cutting edge world.â Grains Grain, spelt,â or emmer wheat gave the essential material to bread, which was raised by sourdough or yeast. Grains were pounded and aged for brew, which was less a recreational beverage but rather more a methods for making a protected refreshment from waterway waters that were not in every case clean. Old Egyptians expended a lot of lager, generally prepared from barley.â The yearly flooding of fields close by the Nile and different streams made the dirts very fruitful for developing grain crops, and the waterways themselves were directed with water system trench to water crops and continue household creatures. In old occasions, the Nile River Valley, particularly the upper delta area, was in no way, shape or form a desert landscape.â Wine Grapes were developed for wine. Grape development was received from different pieces of the Mediterranean in around 3,000 BCE, with Egyptians altering practices to their nearby atmosphere. Shade structures were ordinarily utilized, for instance, to shield grapes from the extreme Egyptian sun. Antiquated Egyptian wines were basically reds and were likely utilized for the most part for stately purposes for the privileged societies. Scenes cut in old pyramids and sanctuaries show scenes of wine-production. For everyday citizens, lager was a progressively run of the mill drink.â Foods grown from the ground Vegetables developed and devoured by old Egyptians included onions, leeks, garlic, and lettuce. Vegetables included lupines, chickpeas, wide beans, and lentils. Natural product included melon, fig, date, palm coconut, apple, and pomegranate. The carob was utilized restoratively and, maybe, for food. Creature Protein Creature protein was a less basic nourishment for antiquated Egyptians than it is for most present day customers. Chasing was to some degree uncommon, however it was sought after by ordinary citizens for food and by the well off for sport. Domesticated creatures, including bulls, sheep, goats, and pig, gave dairy items, meat, and results, with blood from conciliatory creatures utilized for blood wieners, and hamburger and pork fat utilized for cooking. Pigs, sheep, and goats gave most meat expended; hamburger was significantly progressively costly and was devoured by ordinary citizens just for celebratory or ceremonial dinners. Hamburger was eaten all the more consistently by royalty.â Fish trapped in the Nile River gave a significant wellspring of protein for needy individuals and was eaten less every now and again by the rich, who had more prominent access to trained pigs, sheep, and goats.â There is additionally proof the more unfortunate Egyptians devoured rodents, for example, mice and hedgehogs, in plans calling for them to be prepared. Geese, ducks, quail, pigeons, and pelicans were accessible as fowl, and their eggs were likewise eaten. Goose fat was additionally utilized for cooking. Chickens, be that as it may, appear to have not been available in old Egypt until the fourth or fifth hundreds of years BCE. Oils and Spices Oil was gotten from ben-nuts. There were likewise sesame, linseed and castor oils. Nectar was accessible as a sugar, and vinegar may have additionally been utilized. Seasonings included salt, juniper, aniseed, coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, and poppyseed.

Electric power plants free essay sample

Specialized composing is loaded with specialized terms that should be characterized. It is an absolute necessity to characterize logical terms to take into account better cognizance. These troublesome words may come In the type of realized words utilized In a contrastingly new sense (as fly-over), new words for definitely referred to things (as somnambulist for sleepwalker), and new words for obscure things (as schizophrenia). New words don't really mean recently authored words; they are new as in they are experienced by the perusers just because so they must be characterized. At the point when one characterizes, he gives the importance of a certain term.The author may characterize a word in any of the three different ways: casual (word or expression) definition, formal (sentence) definition, and enhanced (broadened or extended) definition. An Informal definition comes In the type of a word or an expression as a rule called an equivalent. For instance, word sexism is characterized by giving seismic tremor as an appositive. The word pay and compensation can be made more straightforward by composing pay or the word immersion by referencing flood. A formal or sentence definition, as its name proposes, is as a sentence with these three components: species, family, and separate/e. The species Is the term characterized; the sort is the class or kind to which the term has a place; the separate or separate are the awesomeness attributes that make the term not quite the same as different terms of a similar class. Instances of formal definitions are given beneath. A somnambulist is an individual who strolls while sleeping. A somnambulist is an individual who talks while sleeping. A thermometer is an instrument that estimates temperature. A gauge Is an instrument that measure environmental weight. The species are underlined once; the genera (plural of family), undeniable; and the separate, emphasized. Note that the species, the sort, and the connecting action word are solitary In structure and that the separate is presented by a relative pronoun (who, that, which, whose, whom, and so forth ). The proper definition is portrayed so on the grounds that it follows the structure: species = variety and separate (S = G + D). The equivalent sign can be meant is or implies. The enhanced (broadened or extended) definition (see the example in Appendix G) comes as extra sentences that help a proper definition which turns into the subject sentence of a passage with definition as technique for ways: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Capacity utilization of the thing defined;Location situation/position of the thing characterized; Physical portrayal physical attributes (shading, size, shape, and so forth ) of the thing characterize; Further definition meaning of words in the conventional meaning of the thing characterized; Causation causes or impacts of the thing characterized; Technical Writing in the Discipline Inc. Essentials of Research Page 1 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Correlation similitudes of the thing characterized with something else; Contrast contrasts of the thing characterized from something else; Exemplification solid instances of the thing characterized; Etymology/word determination words from which the thing characterized was derived;Analysis parts of the thing characterized; Basic rule law or rule overseeing the thing characterized; and Negation negative articulations about the thing characterized. A definer faces a few issues. One of these is the position of the definitions. He can look over among these other options: in the content (generally normal), in commentaries, in a glossary, and in an exceptional segment in the presentation (least normal). Another issue is phrasing or word decision. He needs to choose the proper words to make his implications understood. For example, given the accompanying models, the best meaning of a square is the last.A square is a geometric figure which has four equivalent sides. A square is a polygon which has four equivalent sides. A square is a quadrilateral which has equivalent sides. A square is a quadrilateral which has four equivalent sides. Which has equivalent sides. The initial three definitions may likewise apply to a rhombus. The fourth and fifth definitions contain redundancies (quadrilateral and four in the fourth and symmetrical and equivalent in the fifth). The word square shape is the most proper variety on the grounds that a square shape is a four-sided polygon with right edges and in light of the fact that what recognizes a square from different square shapes is its equivalent sides.Two different issues experienced by a definer are the reiteration of key terms and the utilization of a solitary model or example. It isn't acceptable to characterized fixed resources by saying that they are resources which are fixed and to characterized smooth muscles by saying that they are muscles which are smooth. Moreover, it is awful to characterized volcanic emission along these lines: Volcanic ejection is the thing that happened to Mount Punctuation two decades prior. Note that Judgment must be practiced in the utilization of words in the class and separate, in the decision of which key terms are to be rehashed, and in the utilization of guides to be refered to in the definition.MECHANISM Description, other than definition, is a valuable strategy in specialized composition. An author may depict an instrument, a procedure, or even an individual. At the point when he portrays a component (see the example in Appendix G) or a machine, he utilizes the accompanying blueprint; Introduction a. Meaning of the machine b. Depiction of the machine c. Capacity of the machine d. Fundamental pieces of the machine Party-by-party depiction a. Principle Part 1 I. Subpart 1 it. Subpart 2 b. Fundamental Part 2 Page 2 1. Sub-subpart 1 2. Sub-subpart 2 iii. Subpart 3 c.Main Part 3 I. Subpart 2 Conclusion/Summary of the primary concerns a. Activity of the machine (by the client) b. Activity by the machine In the composing the depiction of every principle part, subpart, or sub-subpart, the describer refers to the parts shading, size or measurements, shape, material, surface, technique for connection, and relationship with different parts. For instance, in the wake of depicting in the presentation the PC as a whole unit, he portrays in the body every one of its primary parts (screen, console, CAP], and printed), every one of its subparts, etc. He closes his organization by expounding on how it works, how it is worked, or both. Note that the layout above doesn't make a difference to all machines. The layout shifts as indicated by the quantity of principle parts and subparts and the subtleties to be remembered for the depiction; the spatial or coherent request might be utilized in the introduction. Procedure DESCRIPTION Process depiction (see the example in Appendix G) is essentially portraying a progression of steps/stages or a progression of activities. Not at all like a system portrayal which utilizes spatial or consistent request, a procedure depiction consistently utilizes sequential (time) order.Therefore, the means or stages are sequenced dependent on the hour of event. The describer masterminds these means or stages in a diagram that follows: l. . Meaning of the procedure b. Practitioner/Agent of the procedure c. Reason for the procedure d. Reason for the procedure depiction e. Perspective of the procedure portrayal f. Primary strides in the process Body/Step-by-step depiction a. Fundamental Step 1 I. Sub stage 1 it. Sub stage 2 b. Fundamental Step 2 1. Sub-sub stage 1 2. Sub-sub stage 2 Page 3 v. Sub stage 4 Main Step 3 Process depictions are ordered into directional or instructional and educational. The directional procedure depiction comes as bearings/guidelines (basic sentences or orders) routed to the practitioner or operator of the activity; it s written in the dynamic basic style and the second-individual perspective. Instances of this procedure are composing, lay excursion, cooking and educating. Then again, the educational procedure depiction comes as snippets of data (revelatory sentence) routed to the peruser of the portrayal who isn't the practitioner or operator of the activities; it is written in the dynamic demonstrative or detached characteristic style and the third-individual purpose of view.The process is finished by any of the accompanying: a gathering of people (human procedure), e. G. , large scale manufacturing of wine and paper distributing; a machine (mechanical procedure), e. . , PC information preparing and cooling; and nature (normal procedure), e. G. , volcanic ejection and malady transmission. Note that the diagram above doesn't have any significant bearing to all procedures. The diagram shifts as indicated by the quantity of primary advances and sub steps and the subtleties to be remembered for the portrayal. Examination OR PARTITIONING Like definition and depiction, division is a method normally utilized in specialized writing.It may include one animal categories or a few animal categories. At the point when it includes just a single animal varieties or unit, it is knows as examination/parceling as when a unit is partitioned into its crafts (components/segments/constituents). At the point when it includes a few animal types or units, it is considered characterization as when a few units are separated into classes (gatherings/sorts/types). Recorded as a hard copy an examination (see the example in Appendix G), the analyzer utilizes a diagram like that of an instrument depiction. An examination varies from an instrument portrayal in that the previous arrangements with a machine, e. . , a family, a guided by the accompanying rules (which apply likewise to grouping): 1 . Characterize the species to be apportioned (grouped). Give the core value or reason for dividing (ordered). On the off chance that there are numerous bases, utilize each in turn. Name all the parts (classes) of the species divided (ordered) per premise. Make sure that there is no covering of the parts (classes). On the off chance that there are sub parts (sub classes), name them. Characterization Classification (see the example in Appendix G) is division of a few animal types into classes or groups.Similar to an examination, an order is composed in view of the prior rules. A classifier needs to make a blueprint as demonstrated as follows. A. Meaning of the thing characterized b. Premise of order Page 4 c. Primary gatherings in the order Body/Group-by-bunch depiction a. Principle bunch 1 I. Subgroup 1 it. Subgroup 2 b. Principle bunch 2 1.

How Illini Succeed

How Illini Succeed Thinking about going to college can be nerve-wracking, but also wonderful. And  you know what is even more nerve-wracking and wonderful? Thinking about graduating from college! Graduation season is one of my favorite times of the year. We plant flowers (orange, of course), and Alma wears her robe. I love it. It is such a special time of the year. I love seeing students celebrate their amazing accomplishment with friends, family, and mentors. Alma in her robes! But before you think about graduating from college, you have to make a big decision on where to go to college … Many factors go into that decision: size, tuition costs, major, location, etc. But a big factor in determining where you go to college should be graduate outcomesâ€"basically, what opportunities will be available to you after you graduate. I’m here to show you where our  graduates go, what they are doing, and how Illinois helped them get there. Illini Success is a project that gathers data from our graduates after graduation to share their first destinations after Illinois. Launched in 2014, Illini Success shares data, stories, and facts about our graduates. What can you do with a degree in English? Community Health? Social Work? The annual reports can answer all of those questions! I won’t go into too many details here (really, because you can explore over 150 different majors). Long story short, 88% of our graduates last year secured a first destination after graduation. Beyond data about where our graduates work and study, you can also find data reflecting how many students within a college or program participated in internships, study abroad, co-op, volunteering, and more. If you’re like me, you can spend a lot of time on this site  looking at numbers and graphs. However, also take some time to read through some of the success stories to learn more about an individual’s Illinois journey and their advice for you! This is a great tool for you to use as you are looking at applying to Illinois. AND, once you get to campus to find experiential learning opportunities (like internships and study abroad), THEN you contribute to our data as an Illinois graduate! Happy reading! @kaci_uofi Kaci Admissions Counselor I work extensively with our large campus visit programs to give our prospective students first-hand experience of life at Illinois. I grew up in and around Champaign-Urbana, but most recently I moved from northwest Ohio, where I finished my master’s degree in College Student Personnel.

Managing Operational Risk In Financial Institution Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2063 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Q1. Explain the internal control failures that allowed this fraud to occur and recommend what steps you would take to improve the risk framework at Caforilus to prevent similar loss events occurring? The fraud that occurred at caforilus was not due to one single factor but there were multiple factors which encouraged the fraud to occur. All three lines of defence failed to overcome the fraud the first line of defence, the business line failed to establish and maintain stronger risk controls, risk culture, risk appetite, on day to day responsibilities of business line second line of defence the oversight, which failed to monitor the risk guidance in the firm this involve compliance, legal and finance, IT security, HR functions and risk management functions, the third line of defence is the risk assurance where the internal Audit committee failed to provide independent assurance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Operational Risk In Financial Institution Finance Essay" essay for you Create order All three levels reports through to the board and are all responsible to it, so the fourth line of defence in a sense is the board but in caforilus it is the Board the Director of marketing and sales was corrupt and made a fraud so knowingly or unknowingly all three lines of defence failed to report the fraud. Firstly we will look at the Cause, Event and Effect. The Cause to the fraud was poor process, system, people, Technology. Event was internal fraud and Effect was scam of  £8 million, Jail to the sales and marketing Director, loss of reputation, effect on staff moral, possible fine by FSA, loss of shareholder wealth. There were plenty of indicators to the fraud at caforilus but everyone turned a blind eye. There were plenty of internal control failures which allowed the fraud to occur. People:- The internal fraud was created by the director of the sales and marketing mark Hughes, who created a miscellaneous account and solely authorised all the transactions. Helen Northcroft realised the fraud but due to the lack of training or knowledge wasnt sure of what action to take or who she should report to. HR department as the report doesnt say if there were any checks made on Mark Hughes before employing. Chief Internal Auditor Keith Garret, didnt took any action and just ignored to Helens suspicions. Kelly Feingold who worked in operational risk department wasnt sure about what action to take and thought Steve (Operational Risk Director) is a good friend of Mark so wouldnt take action so she did not reported but got James Bellamy from the fraud Department to look into. Finally James Bellamy got control of the situation and exposed Marks fraud. Process:- There were no internal audit checks carried out, even if there was audit then the audit team failed to pick up the fraud which was occurring. There was no oversight of invoices, all invoices were approved by the director of the sales and marketing, and were not back checked by the finance department. Top management had concentration of power, so for decision making no other department managers were consulted. Few invoice were raised for same amount under different company names for same date but yet not been noticed by the finance department. Daily transaction reports were not been produced in organisation, so no past records could be checked. Authorisation of payment was only by one person i.e. the marketing and sales director. Technology Caforilus did not had proper technology to prevent fraud, eg. Same amounts, same date, same services, invoices were paid, if caforilus had proper technology then the fraud would have detected at the very first. Environment Poor risk control culture as no one, apart from Helen or James took initiative to investigate the fraud. The culture was developed that everyone turned on blind eye, it could be said that directly or indirectly many other people were involved but all turned on blind eye to marks seniority. A culture was developed that director was a problem solver, a good guy, giving out freebies, get things done, so no one was ready to believe that such a person could create fraud. Staff member felt pressure and felt threatened to be fired if challenged somebody. There are plenty of loopholes into the system of caforilus which led fraud to occur, some recommendation that could be given to prevent the fraud to occur in future are. Training and Development:- It is very important in a firm that relevant training is given to each member to do their work efficiently. In caforilus we could say company lacked of training and development as the head of marketing and sales wasnt sure of who to report to about the fraud, when she came to know about the fraud she would have taken the step and could have had directly contacted the external company to check the invoice and the fraud could have had caught so more training is required to senior managers to detect fraud and how to solve it. Head of finance department to check the accounts at least once a month so if any fraud occurring could be noticed immediately. No authorisation/signage of cheque by one person two signatures required on any payment and that too both authorised person need to be from different department. So in case of caforius one sign from director of sales marketing then other sign from the head of finance department. Regular Internal Audit to be taken. Audit staff to take independent audit and not to make any judgements on person nature. Audit committee to be independent and any relationships that unduly influence the professional judgement should be avoided. Create a climate of discipline and control which would help to reduce the opportunity of fraud. Oversight of any payment no matter even if authorised by director. Stronger corporate governance structure. No one person decision but should be group involvement. Director to conduct meeting with the head of the department before any contracts been given out, and to update to staff of any decisions taken solely, Director to report to NED. Q2. Discuss why financial institutions are vulnerable to people risks and recommend how Caforilus could reduce its exposure to these risks? Managing people risk plays a very important role in any company. (Blunden T, and Thirwell J, 2010) says, Most operational risks are ultimately the result of people failure whether at strategic, managerial, or operational level. Financial institutions specifically are very vulnerable to people risk we could see this form the events that have occurred in past and which have led many financial institution to collapse for eg. Incident at Barings due to one person Nick Leeson a rouge trader who concealed unauthorised trading activities and made a fraud of $1 billion and led Barings to Bankrupt. (www.erisk.com) Similar fraud have occurred with Daiwa Bank, Natwest, Allied Irish Banks, which have faced huge losses due to people, so for any event and losses or failure ultimately people are going to be the cause unless its any natural cause of god, (Martin. P, 2009) says, there are two causes to operational risk event, one is an act of God and other is the people. People design and maintain processes and system and cause operational risk events by either doing something they should not be doing or not doing something they should be doing. T. Blunden, (2010) says People are essentially honest they do not come to work to defraud or to cause disruption. It is often true but the system which has some loopholes or process that are ineffective, motivate people to do fraud, or even due to lack of training, competence, experience, stress, bereavement, unemployment, health problems etc, many lead to errors and losses. So to overcome from these people risks there are some key controls such as, Training and development, Appraisal and rewards, effective management, openness and transparency, selection, rewards, staff retention, system update, etc, are some controls which could help and reduced people risks. In Caforlius the loss of  £8 million was encountered of people risk. There was one person who created the fraud but there was involvement of many other, who either turned a blind eye or just didnt bother to challenge the director for his fraud. Some recommendations could be given to reduce such a risk in future. There was no culture of openness and transparency in Cafarilus, many knew about the fraud but didnt report due to Marks seniority. So a culture needs to be developed to challenge the fraud and report it either a system to be developed where losses/events could be reported anonymously. Need of effective management structure, an effective system where communication could run freely from up and down, clearity of the roles and responsibilities to individually. Getting friendly with the staff, knowing them, rewarding them, are good sign of motivation but when it obstructs individual from taking professional duties then it could be a risk for the company, so from Caforilus the chief internal auditor director, operation manager, missed to take their professional duties and so such a pattern of bribe should be avoided. Financial companies are vulnerable to risk so training and development plays a key role to avoid risks. In Caforilus we see lack of training and development, head of department to be made aware of what fraud could occur and what action to take to overcome them. Staff appraisal to be conducted quarterly, which would help to know the employees better, openly taking suggestions from the staff, help to know what training could be required to developed and perform the duty better. Q3. Explain the importance of risk culture, critically analyse the risk culture at Caforilus and recommend how this could be improved? Risk culture plays a very important role in any organisation. A favourable culture is essential for the effective management of operational risk. The institute of operational risk, (2010) says a firms organisational culture it values and valued behaviours will under pin the risk culture, the openness, trust, honesty and integrity from a strong risk culture of an organisation. The openness and transparency encourage people to risk reporting, encourage challenging debate at all levels, increases the risk awareness helps to understand the duties motivates people to better do their job. But this culture must come from CEO, senior manager who must motivate and form a relevant culture in organisation, it could be said that culture is strongly influenced by its leadership. Developing and maintaining the right risk culture is highly influential in the effectiveness of the risk management. A favourable culture is essential for the effective management of operational risk. The favourable cul ture develops. High degree of personal responsibility and empowerment to take appropriate risk. It motivates employees to better do their jobs and enhances the organisation performance. It helps to built up staff morale. It develops high level of staff integrity. It develops positive environment where no staff are intimidated on their mistakes. It makes a continuous improvement of organisation where people take challenge and responsibility for being more effective and efficient. It makes aware about the risk. It brings stronger communication throughout the organisation. It brings expertise into organisation. However for a culture to be effective it is important a strong risk culture is embodied by the Boards and senior managers. In caforilus we see a poor culture through the organisation. There was loss of staff morale, weak communication between the departments; duties were not fulfilled by Audit committee or the operational risk department, finance de partment not overseeing the pay outs. Which all lead to a scam of  £8million so its very important that the Boards and senior managers play a positive role and develop a strong risk culture. Some recommendations that could be given are: Making people aware about the risk, educating them about the risk and risk controls. Making people understand about the importance of their duties and how it relates to risk if not fulfilled. Developing stronger controls throughout the organisation and letting people know of what is expected of them. Creating openness and transparency to the organisation which will develops a stronger culture. Provide better understanding of the organisation risk appetite. Segregation of duties and periodically rotation of senior staff so that would give a better understanding throughout the organisational functions to seniors, and even as in case of caforilus it would avoid developing internal contacts for personal benefits. So could be conclu ded that the risk culture at cafotilus wasnt strong so it increased the vulnevability of organisation.

Is Outsourcing Bad Or Good The Us Economy - 898 Words

A) Why is outsourcing so bad or good to the US economy? In general, the outsourcing is hiring the foreign workers/company to do a particular task, as opposed to hiring domestic workers/company. Besides the outsourcing, the international purchase is an essential activity of companies. In the trend of a booming global economy, a company only focuses on its core value and hire suppliers to supply the necessary product and service. The relationship between companies are complicated and interdependent. In that context, the increasing of outsourcing in the US is inevitable. The 2016 presidential candidates mentions about the negative effect of outsourcing to the US due to exporting of jobs to over-sea vendors. The outsourcing opponents claim that outsourcing is having a negative effect on the American economy, as one problem is solved by creating another problem. The jobs were taken away from the US, double the unemployment ratio and seriously impact to Americans, especially the disability. In my point of view, it is a misconception when claim that outsourcing is bad to the US. The following reason can show how the outsourcing positively affect to the US. Superficially, the GDP of USA increases every year from 2006 to 2015 except 2009 when the economic recession takes effect on the US economy. The US is structuring its economy and got positive benefit that reflects on its GDP. Moreover, the booming global economy changes the global value chain. It enables the emerging andShow MoreRelated Outsourcing Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing Outsourcing has become a very popular issue, and it has reached an all-time climax. Firms are starting to do this a lot more than than in the previous decade. What is outsourcing? Outsourcing is defined as â€Å"The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs.† And it has become a big issue in our country. There are thousands of articles and books written on it, and you can attendRead MoreCase 1 Who Makes The Apple Iphone769 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿February 4, 2015 Who Makes the Apple iPhone 1. What are the benefits to Apple of outsourcing the assembly of the iPhone to foreign countries, and particularly China? What are the potential costs and risks to Apple? There are many benefits for Apple in outsourcing their assembly line to China. Although Apple claims that the decision wasn’t about the cheap labor, it all comes down to the money. The decision was rooted in the fact that it would save Apple a lot of money. It is understandable thatRead MoreWhat Major Trends Do You See Affecting The Roles Of Purchasing Managers During The Next Decade?1447 Words   |  6 Pages As emerging markets assume a greater role in the global economy, the traditional demand and supply poles that have shaped global commerce over the last 50 years will change dramatically. More and more global company will have their purchasing managers based in China, India or Brazil. The procurement teams need to start developing expertise in local emerging market sourcing in China, Brazil, and India, as well as other developing economies. Sustainability is an essential strategy to business, especiallyRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Economy1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact that globalization has and will have on the U.S economy continues to be one of the most debated economic issues of our times. Many people believe that due to the international trade there are less jobs and lower wages for people. International trade is important to the America economy, and to the economy of the world as whole, because neither the United States nor any other country in the world has everything that its people need and want. Globalization and international trade, come withRead MoreEthics of Outsourcing Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Outsourcing What is ethics and how is it related to todays world of business? Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary defines ethics as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad with moral duty and obligation. In todays globalized society, it seems as though monetary profits are valued higher than making ethical decisions. Outsourcing has become an unavoidable result of globalization. From General Motors to IBM, we can experience the effect of outsourcing in many different sectorsRead MoreAmeric Top Dog Or Underdog?1556 Words   |  7 Pagesauthors Barbara Ehrenreich and Fareed Zakaria. This is about to be the most fascinating adventure of your life. Outsourcing, international relations, and foreign policy all combined into one paper. Barbara Ehrenreich’s article â€Å"Your Local News--Dateline Delhi† explains the economic pressures that America is facing such as outsourcing. Fareed Zakaria takes on the global effects of outsourcing in his article â€Å"The Rise of the Restâ₠¬  in which he focuses on the shift of power to other nations while AmericaRead MorePros and Cons for Outsourcing1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Outsourcing services in the US By Berend Schoute (1713035), student of the VU university Amsterdam. INTRODUCTION Hillary Clinton, I dont know what reality the Bush administration is living in, but its certainly not the reality I represent, from one end of New York to the other. This response came on the statement of the head of U.S. President George W. Bushs Council of Economic Advisers, Gregory Mankiw. He said: outsourcing is just a new way of doing international Read MoreGlobalization Of The United States Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthat have free market (or free trade) economies are far richer than countries with mostly government-controlled economies (Wheelan 273-274). Outsourcing and free trade are opposed by many, and they have their negative effects. However, the United States as well as developing countries can benefit by furthering globalization, free trade, and integration into the world economy. The dictionary defines globalization as â€Å"the process in which people, ideas and goods spread throughout the world, spurringRead MoreOutsourcing, The Key to Globalization Essay examples995 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of outsourcing in the Unied States goes back to 80s. But it was in the 90s that really companies began to use it more and more and they found out that this is something that really works for them. Outsourcing is defined as the practice of subcontracting manufacturing work to outside and especially foreign or nonunion companies. This concept became very widely used in practice today in the United States. Firms such as IBM, Sprint, ATT, Dell Hewlett Packard, and Novell are someRead More Outsourcing American Jobs Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing American Jobs Outsourcing, no word in todays workforce is so loved or hated. Depending on who you are it is the greatest thing ever or an evil act by money hungry businesses at the expense of American workers. But what is the truth? Is it good? Is it bad? Is it both? Perhaps more importantly, what is it exactly? Many people think that outsourcing is jobs that were held in this country going somewhere else. That is not entirely accurate. Outsourcing is actually one company paying

Leadership and Change Free Essays

The element of change remains a factor in everyday life within the organization. How to handle change begins with a decision to embrace the implications into an organization’s vision. Incorporating change and a healthy attitude toward change as a core value begins with leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good leader like John Welch provides vision and clarity for the employee. He even instills inspiration in the employee allowing them the freedom to explore and create out of their every day job tasks. Such a leader will be able to communicate issues of change and create a bond with their team. This creates a comfort level that allows for creative thinking resulting in an environment that easily accepts change as a factor. This connection begins at a fundamental level of human sociology where the use of story is central. Howard Gardner reflects, â€Å"the ultimate impact of the leader depends most significantly on the particular story that he or she relates or embodies, and the receptions to that story on the part of the audiences† (14). By telling stories, allows for a certain level of openness or vulnerability on the part of the leader and makes them human. By opening the line of communication, gives the employee knowledge of their environment and develops trust. The leader’s role is to sell the idea of commitment within a culture. Odiorne suggests, â€Å"if employees knows what is expected, and what help and resources are available, they can then be relied upon to govern their actions to achieve the commitments they have made† (138). This sets the stage for goals and achieving high performance. The culture in turn feeds off this energy and excitement. There are three reasons why leaders are important. First they are responsible for the effectiveness of organizations. Second, the change and upheaval of past years has left us with no place to hide. We need anchors in our lives as a guiding purpose. Third, there is a national concern about integrity of our institutions. Being mindful of own context is difficult for us. (15-16) Managers with a keen understanding of leading represent these three key attributes and create a foundation from which to act. A leader must also display curiosity and have the guts to be daring. They must be a dominant force within the team. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (185). A healthy culture inspires options and the innovations that grow out of creativity. Still one cannot ignore times of fear. Management sometimes creates fear on purpose or misuse to work employees harder. From personal experience, fear can drive an employee to try harder at a better job or completely kill worker confidence. This does not create positive outcomes but promotes conflict and an unstable team. It is clear for management to be successful, it must communicate its vision but also create positive reinforcement. Once key members understand people’s needs, then action can be taken to improve management’s role. Only then will a leader be taken seriously. Recognizing positive traits in a team member builds trust, integrity and also meets an important need. Finally, there are many things a leader can do to motivate their team members and inspire excellence. From personal experience there are many recommendations that come to mind. At a company wide level, a recognition or awards program is effective in maintaining culture by motivating employees. Being noticed for a job well done instills pride. How to cite Leadership and Change, Essay examples

Impact Of Globalization On Frozen Food - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Globalization On Frozen Food. Answer: Introduction The frozen food industry is one of the popular markets in Australia. A growth of 6.1% in a year has shown better availability of frozen food products in the Australian market (agriculture.gov.au, 2017). Most of the frozen foods are good in hygiene and they contain maximum vitamins and minerals. There are some facilities via online marketing in the frozen food industry and increasing more customers attach to that service (Navickas, Baskutis Gruzauskas, 2015). There are some positive influences like this market will only customize food that is available in next eight years. Foods like meat, vegetables, poultry, seafood, soups come under the frozen food sector and people from Australia and UK people are happy to consume these kinds of food. This is one of the developing markets in Asian countries like India and China. There are hypermarkets and supermarkets in Australia where frozen food demand in high in nature. Frozen food market There are some major companies that adopt acquisition of new products in frozen food and get a competitive advantage from other food companies. The product type depends on the user and geographical need of people. Nestle is one the leading companies in Europe. Aryzta is another one. The traditional food habit has been changed by consumption of these kinds of foods and the report forecasted comprehensive understanding over the market. Frozen Food Market is expected to reach $306 Billion by 2020 and that growing food culture changes consumers lifestyle and food habit (Ravuvu et al., 2017). From the geographical point of view, there are four segmentations like North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and LAMEA in the frozen food industry. The market dynamics are also changing the business opportunity and most of the online food suppliers companies added those frozen foods to their delivery list. As per the Australian food news in 2010, the foremost customer advocacy company, Choice, research over frozen foods and provide a report that resulted in the better nutritional value of food (Ausfoodnews.com.au, 2010). All those foods have been vacuum packed with nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The continual development in the frozen food market could be accredited to the increasing consumer perceptive that frozen can often equivalent fresh. Internal and External contextual factors Globalization is the procedure in which communities come to know the gradual enhancement in general financial, communal and cultural atmosphere. The business environment is depending on the internal and external matter of globalized system and influenced by the market structure. A more integrated world community has got influenced by this process and food distribution in all over the world makes a statement of right perspective and change. In case of global understanding, internal factors like opening of new market of frozen food company or providing customer service or implementation of marketing strategies are important. External factors like new market environment are not always fruitful for frozen food companies in terms of business expansion (Baker Friel, 2014). Health and fitness is the key benefit of the frozen food industry and there is no use of preservatives. The clean and healthy atmosphere is sustained in these foods and these are protected from food spoilage case. So consumers are attracted by the packaging or by brand of the company. Company branding is another factor that presents a global image of business by aligning their logo (Hendrie et al., 2016). Most of the cases new approach is taken by a new company so their product or service needs a unique strategic plan so that they can sustain their business in this competitive business market. External factors like promoting the company and need a promotional strategy for that company is important for globalization. Consumer analysis is important for this kind of business as there are several business markets or trends in business which is good for consumers. Frozen food companies convince their customers about the necessity of those foods and state the level of hygiene consumers can get from those foods (Zia, 2017). Frozen food industry selects their packaging technology in an attractive way so people are attracted by these kinds of packaging and better consumer reviews can be gathered. Another section in globalization is the market analysis, which is depending on the people need, market size, product availability and probable enhancement in market and all these are considered as an internal factor as this is controlled and monitored by the company (Webster et al., 2014). On the other hand political barriers, cultural activity and communal problems consider as external issues. Impact of Globalization on product segmentation There are different segmentations in the Frozen food industry. Readymade meals attract more people and people love to consume that as they have not put their effort into cooking those materials. Beef production in Australia is incredibly high in 2013 and this amount of beef cannot be stored in a right way and almost 95.5% of that mature beef needs to be frozen so that those beef can be used for further occasions (Brown, 2018). Australian Sheep meat production is almost over 150000 tonnes and lamb production is also high, so the concern matter for Australian Food industry to store those foods for future use and this is the reason behind frozen food industry (Evans et al., 2015). These foods are distributed globally and reach in the different market. There are some issues like transport, market opportunities all these are externally handled by the company. Products have to go through between tariffs, regulations and customs but multinational companies are eager to have those products ( Augustin et al., 2016). There are different food safety laws in different nations so the parental company has to change their law over food and all those imported food products sell at high price (Hafting et al., 2015). Most of the nations want to update their organic food and for this reason, globalization is important for those nations. To introduce those organic products a particular frozen food market is needed for the development of economy over the nation (Olson, 2016). Frozen potatoes, frozen vegetables and frozen soups all these product types help to enhance preservation process in the market and also assist food service industry of Australia for their future uses. Globalised production and Foreign Direct Investment In case of globalization, change in the economy in Australia is quite natural as increasing number of population enhances extra GDP and that affected nations economy. Globalization supports to enhance trade opportunities and negotiate with other countries for better business dealing. In case of frozen food, a high rate in foreign market embrace the business of frozen food and by default, Australia national economy enhances (Bucchini et al., 2016). Frozen potatoes are one of the globalized products that acclaimed by all over the world and the product extension market allows foreign business companies to take those opportunities to introduce them in market. There are some local crops are also exported in China, India and Northern America and Australian companies invested their money in these countries so that better business standard and flow in froze food can sustain (Yusoff et al., 2015). In this time, there is a worldwide demand for frozen food which can only possible due to globali zation. FDI also reduce transaction cost, access and develop foreign market and overcome all the trade barriers so that better business outcome can be drawn (Ferguson et al., 2016). The expansion in business of frozen food and their stable and adequate supply from Australia and other countries adopt people behavior to intake frozen food in a large amount. The foods are high in vitamins so basically there is no such problem to globalize those foods. The increasing demand for frozen foods consumption is the major need of globalization and even that is growing in many developing countries. Trade opportunities Business trade opportunities are huge in case of frozen food business as products start to form milk powders and end in confectionaries. So a huge amount of food globally transferred to different nations. In case of market entry, e-commerce in urban sector is impacted by revenue generation for the company due to the sealable ability of frozen food. Online food sale in urban sector and their current market fresh food scarcity also help frozen food to establish their market in e-marketing (Milc et al., 2016). There are multiple distribution channels for frozen food industry and transportation, management all these are linked with that. Depending upon the combined population of the country, trade opportunities are also increasing in number. GDP over more than $13 trillion has earned through this trade and that showcases as the greatest potential growth of Australia. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that Globalization is important for the development of Frozen food industry. The process is not only featured in Australia but also in global aspect. There are many developing counties, imported frozen foods and enhance their business market. Consumers love to acquire those foods and that is the reason a global market of frozen food sustain. In Australia, a major market is based on Frozen food so economic development in terms of GDP is extracted from this process. In this report, all possible economic change and product distribution of frozen food has been discussed and also analyze the income growth in the external market and pointed to the relationship between globalization and frozen food. References Agriculture.gov.au (2017) Australian Food Statistics Retrieved from: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/ag-farm-food/food/publications/afs [Accessed on 9th January, 2017] Augustin, M. A., Riley, M., Stockmann, R., Bennett, L., Kahl, A., Lockett, T., ... Cobiac, L. (2016). Role of food processing in food and nutrition security.Trends in Food Science Technology,56, 115-125. Ausfoodnews.com.au (2010) Hot food trends for 2010 Retrieved from: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2010/01/01/hot-food-trends-for-2010.html [Accessed on 10th January 2017] Baker, P. Friel, S., (2014). Processed foods and the nutrition transition: evidence from Asia.Obesity reviews,15(7), pp.564-577. Brown, A. C. (2018).Understanding food: principles and preparation. Cengage learning. Bucchini, L., Guzzon, A., Poms, R., Senyuva, H. (2016). Analysis and critical comparison of food allergen recalls from the European Union, USA, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand.Food Additives Contaminants: Part A,33(5), 760-771. Ferguson, M., O'dea, K., Chatfield, M., Moodie, M., Altman, J., Brimblecombe, J. (2016). The comparative cost of food and beverages at remote Indigenous communities, Northern Territory, Australia.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(S1). Hafting, J. T., Cornish, M. L., Deveau, A., Critchley, A. T. (2015). Marine Algae: Gathered Resource to Global Food Industry. InThe Algae World(pp. 403-427). Springer Netherlands. Hendrie, G. A., Baird, D., Ridoutt, B., Hadjikakou, M., Noakes, M. (2016). Overconsumption of energy and excessive discretionary food intake inflates dietary greenhouse gas emissions in Australia.Nutrients,8(11), 690. Lin, B. Lei, X., (2015). Carbon emissions reduction in China's food industry.Energy Policy,86, pp.483-492. Milc, J., Caffagni, A., Ronga, D., Francia, E., Pasquariello, M., Laviano, L., ... Pecchioni, N. (2016). Evaluation of Cucurbita pepo germplasm for staminate flower production and adaptation to the frozen food industry.Scientia Horticulturae,213, 321-330. Navickas, V., Baskutis, S. Gruzauskas, V., (2015). Logistic cost optimization in the food industry of small countries.Journal of Management,26(1). Olson, R. L. (2016). Objective tests for frozen food quality.Low temperature biology of foodstuffs, 381-397. Ravuvu, A., Friel, S., Thow, A. M., Snowdon, W., Wate, J. (2017). Monitoring the impact of trade agreements on national food environments: trade imports and population nutrition risks in Fiji.Globalization and Health,13(1), 33. Webster, J., Trieu, K., Dunford, E., Hawkes, C. (2014). Target salt 2025: a global overview of national programs to encourage the food industry to reduce salt in foods.Nutrients,6(8), 3274-3287. Zia, M., (2017). Impact of Product Attributes on Purchase Decision: A Study of Processed Food Consumer in India.Proceedings of The 10th MAC 2017, p.42.

A case study manager

Case study is a scientific scrutiny of a social event with an aim to provide demystified information. Case study uses different methods, for example, a case study on medicine may not necessarily use the same method the case study on management can use. Case study therefore, can be applied in any discipline, although historically it has always been associated with social sciences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A case study manager specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to establish whether a case study manager should belong to a sole discipline, whether formal training is necessary for a case study manager, and whether there is any development in the career of an individual case study manager. The second part of the paper is a post-mortem on why depression is massive among the American people, why it is difficult to treat, and what can be done to treat it more effectively. Case study is an intensive r esearch done on various phenomena. For instance, a researcher could carry a case study on the drug abuse, another case study can be carried out on cancer management, or it can look into the causes of massive school dropout among young girls. The researcher does not need to belong to one specific discipline in order to clealy grasp the case to be studied. It is important to have enough knowledge of the subject. Since case studies are carried out on different disciplines therefore, a case study manager is not only confined to one particular discipline, for example, one could be a social worker, a nurse, or an independent worker. The case study requires the use of different research methods, depending on the case to be studied so as to provide quality information. This means that, one has to use different scientific methods in order to achieve quality research. As such, it is important for the researcher to have formal training so that by means of integrating a lot of research methods and skills, one may produce a valid and detailed case study. Case study manager is a very dynamic profession because every day there are new cases coming up that require astute study, answers, and remedies. The rate at which technology is advancing is a clear sign that researchers will use less energy to access information, an attribute that will lead to a positive development of the case manager in the future. Depression is one of the mental illnesses, affecting plenty of Americans today. The study shows that depression is on increase in America, rising to about 17.5 million patients every year (Disano, 2009). At its initial stages, depression would be easily treated by means of proper medication.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, advanced depression, such as bipolar disorder, for example, is difficult to treat. Given that there are different causes of depression, tr eatment is hard because the patient must avoid any incidents that might lead to another attack. It is also hard because this condition cannot be treated by the use of only one form of treatment, it must utilize a combination of many. Isolation is one of the foremost causes of depression in America today. Isolation therefore, can be combated by setting up socialization at a societal level. Such events like community sporting or cultural entertainments and other activities would greatly contribute to fighting one’s depression. At an individual level, people should be encouraged to seek aid from the psychiatrists or psychologists. Reference List Disano, D. (2009). Holistic Mental Health- Revised: A Comparison of Traditional and Alternative Treatment for Mental Disorder. Bloomington, IN47403: iUniverse. This essay on A case study manager was written and submitted by user Aydin N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

effects of chicory essays

effects of chicory essays Chicory, chicorium intybus, is a weed which produces blue flowers. It is also known as endive, succory, watcher of the road, and barbe de capucin (beard of the monk). It commonly grows at the side of the road and paths blooming in June to October. It grows in North and South America, eastern Asia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. It can be both domestic and wild, growing in gardens as well as the side of the road. Chicory has leafy stems. The leaves alternate from lance-shaped with teeth to more of a lobed leaf. Chicory usually grows anywhere from one to three feet, however it can be as tall as five feet. It grows best in areas with clods of dirt. Chicory has many uses that are both culinary and medicinal. The root of chicory can be prepared to make a caffeine-free substitute for coffee. Using this coffee can help control a rapid heartbeat due to caffeine. Some substances in chicory can offset the effects of caffeine by helping the central nervous system. The root is also sauted and eaten as a vegetable. The leaves of the plant are used in salads. The flowers on the plant may be either pickled or candied. Chicory has been used by doctors since the first century A.D. The Egyptians used chicory to help the heart. The Romans used chicory because of their belief that it kept the blood pure. Although none of these beliefs are true benefits of the use of chicory, chicory can be used to benefit the health of people. Chicory has long been used to help an upset stomach due to bitter substances. These substances also arouse the appetite. Chicory is also used as a laxative. Many diabetics use chicory because it contains insulin. Along with insulin, chicory also contains ascorbic acid and Vitamin A. Chicory increases the flow of bile, and it helps to remove mucus and gallstones. Because it removes fluid from the body it can help to treat gout and rheumatism. When taken internally it chicory can ...

Business Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Psychology - Essay Example The article authored by McHugh creatively likens absenteeism to a virus, expressing that while it is not possible to treat it completely, it may be effectively prevented or its effects curbed by striving to maintain and build a healthy system. When this is undertaken, Hugh purports that the effects of the virus are eliminated and it enters into a state of dormancy until such time when conditions again make it conducive for those effects to reappear. When applied to the organizational context, this implies that the root causes of absenteeism as an ‘infection’ ought to diagnosed to come up with more novel and effective solutions for curing the absence ‘bug’. This briefing article concisely presents the content of this article, especially focusing on its implications for the organizations directly involved in the study. The theoretical background of the study is derived mainly from theories on organizational health. Like absenteeism, it has been a favorite topic in management empirical research. To achieve and maintain organizational health, commendable management practices must be exercised, and the principal role of employees in carrying this out cannot be overemphasized. The importance of these management practices may be concretely seen in the outcomes that they bring forth including integrated job design, employee engagement, and a proactive approach to employee welfare. At the center of all these is the firm belief that people are the main assets of the corporation.

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example As the paper declares after analyzing and comparing the Working Capital of both the companies, the result clearly indicates that L.L. Sams Company’s current condition is much superior to that of Garcia Career Services. Hence, the bank’s decision should be to give loan to L.L. Sams Company as this company seems to be the most appropriate for the loan and has the greatest assurance that its liabilities can be paid out of the current assets. This essay discusses that in an assessment of the overall liquidity of the current assets, the current trend of sales in an important factor. Since it takes sales to convert inventory into receivables or cash, an up trend of sales indicates that the conversion of inventories into more liquid assets will be easier to achieve than what sales remain constant. Declining sales, on the other hand, will retard the conversion of inventories into cash. When we measure the net income earned by a business we are measuring its economic performance— its success or failure as a business enterprise. Decision making processes of loan allocation requires a great variety of data processing, a wide range of reliability, and relevance to the decision at hand. The information used includes data on general economic conditions and on industry trends, as well as data on intangibles such as the character and motivation of the management group.

What Is The Procurement Method Construction Essay

What Is The Procurement Method Construction Essay Procurement is a term which describes the activities of the client or employer who brought about the construction or renovation of buildings. It is a mechanism that provides a solution to the problem: How can I build my project? (The Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2012) In most projects, the client (usually through their consultants or design team) will start the procurement process through the development of the project strategy. The strategy weighting opportunity, risks, and budget constraints of a project to determine the project is suitable to use which procurement method. (The Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2012) For each project, client will very care about the quality of the project, how long the project can be complete, the performance of consultants and the design of the project. Select an appropriate method of procurement is very important for client. Different client need different method of procurement because different policies, resources, organizational structure, the preferred contractual arrangements. Understanding of risk is essential because each procurement method has to follow a set of rules and procedures to select different particular route and risk. How a procurement can successful is depend on whether the construction project parties has comply with their obligations or not, how they identifying the risk of the project and how they deal with the risk of the project. There are four main procurements in construction which are designed by JCTs contracts. The four main procurement methods are: Procurement using Traditional methods Procurement using Design and Build methods Procurement using Management methods Procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods 2.0 a) Procurement using Traditional Procurement Method 2.1 Introduction of Traditional Procurement Method: In the traditional approach, the client must engage consultants such as Architect, Engineers and Quantity Surveyor to design the project. Those consultants design must meet the clients budget and satisfied by client. Once it is not meet clients budget the Architect and Engineers need to redesign the project and the Quantity Surveyor must recalculate the cost of the project. After the designed was satisfied by client and met clients budget, client, Architect or Quantity Surveyor will call tender to give contractors to price and bid for the tender. Client will base on the most suitable price that priced by contractors to make decision, which contractor will be the successful tenderer for the project. The price is not always the lowest but is the most suitable price for the project. Factors to choose a successful tenderer other than price, the contractor must have reputation, pass projects, good financial strength, skills and the contractor cannot have too many projects in hand. The successful contractor must follow the contract drawings and specifications to start the construction work. Contractor also must responsible for his workmanship and material, including work by sub-contractors and suppliers. Any defects, design errors or generated misuse, the contractor has to use his own money to repair or settle the problems. Contractors responsibility Client Consultants responsibility Figure : The Linear or Sequential Process of the Traditional Procurement System (Rosli, A.R, 2006) There are some types of contract will be use in traditional procurement method. These contracts are: Lump sum contract Measurement contract Cost reimbursement contract 2.1.1 Lump sum contract: Before construction project start, the contract sum of this contract is already determined and the amount of project is fixed in the agreement. The contractor must base on the fixed contract sum to construct a building. This contract is not subject to recalculate due to the contract sum is fixed. Once the construction work started, client not allow make any variation. But the contract sum can have a limited change in cost of material, labour and plant if the changes of amount is determined by checking vouchers, a formula, invoice etc. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) There are 2 types of lump sum contract: with quantities without quantities Lump sum contracts with quantities, client are based on drawings and bills of quantities to pay to the contractor. It means that any increase in the quantity of material, the contractor cannot claim with client. But contract can claim under provisional sum due to items are not accurately quantified. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) Lump sum contracts without quantities, client are based on drawings and contract document to pay to the contractor. It means that contractor can claim if there is any variation about the quantity of material. When the lump sum is total the material price, the work which done by contractor must described in the Schedule of Work. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) 2.1.2 Measurement contracts: Sometimes are called as remeasurement contract or schedule of rate contract. In this contract, contractor will pay base on the unit prices in the agreement after he complete the works. All the items needed for the construction work is stated in the contract document and bill of quantities. The contractor has to fill in the unit rate for each item and multiple with the quantities that calculate by Quantity surveyor to get the amount. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) 2.1.3 Cost reimbursement contracts: Sometimes is called as cost plus contracts. The contractor in order to construct the building and he will be pay based on the actual cost of materials, labour and plant plus certain percentage profit and overheads. The profit and overheads normally will be 10% of the total cost of materials, labour and plant. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) There are three types of fee in cost reimbursement contracts: Cost plus percentage fee Cost plush fixed fee Cost reimbursement based on a target cost 2.2 The cost, time and quality of via using Traditional Procurement Method: 2.2.1 Cost In the early stage of this system, client may require more money to pay those consultants which helped client design the project. But this giving client a guarantee to get the good price to complete the project due to all the design, drawings, and specifications is fully developed and described in detail before contractors start to bidding for the tender. Since client can control everything via using this traditional method, contractor no chances to adjust the project price become higher than normal price. Logically, this procurement system is very fair for client to get lower cost because all the competitors (contractors) must apply price to the project base on the bill of quantity that calculate by Quantity Surveyor. This system also can control over the variation cost but only for small amount of variation. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.2.2 Time Compare with other procurement system, traditional system take longer time than other system to complete the project due to the design and budget must meet and satisfy by client. Although it takes longer time to produce but it considered is the best approach because client can clearly know actual cost to construct his project, can get better design from consultants and get better quality control of the project. Client can use this longer time to make decision and check the project design with consultant team before start construction. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.2.3 Quality Traditional procurement method can come out with a construction project which is high quality controlled compare with other method. This method gives a lot advantage to client to compare the consultants design, decide which design suit his budget, management the project, protected by consultants due to giving professional advice and construction expertise between consultants and contractor. Using this method can give more time for client and consultants to check and develop the design, drawings, and specifications to create a better tender document. But this method do not give any advantages for contractor, contractor no power to design the project because contractor will engage after client and consultants decided the design of project. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.3 Advantages Disadvantages of Traditional Procurement Method 2.3.1 Advantages of Traditional Procurement Method Client can controls the consultant team (design team) Client will have better control over the quality of works Client can obtain the best price through competitive tendering Can easily accommodate any variation of the works as required by the Client Clients interest is protected by the Consultants who serve as advisors and independent certifiers in the building contract Provided that the design has been fully developed and uncertainties eliminated before tenders are invited 2.3.2 Disadvantages of Traditional Procurement Method Client need to face many organisation due to many consultants The project need take long time to complete because many time is required in the early stage to design the building May be too cumbersome for the Client to coordinate with the various consultants the performance of consultants is very important because can directly affect the progress of the works 3.0 b) Procurement using Design and Build Method 3.1 Introduction of Design and Build Method: In the construction world there have four type of main procurement which is Procurement using Traditional methods, Procurement using Design and Build method, Procurement using Management methods and Procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods. In Procurement using Design and build method there is a method that to carry a task in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity, it is known as the  design-builder  or  design-build contractor. From the history, Design and Build is similar as master builders or master masons by the Ictinus and Callicrates when they built Parthenon in Athens. In Roman around 40 B.C, describing existing practice in the designed and construction of building was written by Vitruvius. (Timothy N. Toler Toler Hanrahan LLC Atlanta, Georgia) 3.2 Facts: Design and build is one of the procurement that using in building construction industry, following is the definition, method use and forms of contract. 3.2.1 Definition Design and build is a team consisting of general contractor, architect, and engineer. They are build-up to provide an owner with a one source point of contact for the design and construction of their proposed project. Design and build is known as a package deal and it has been use in the building industry for a long period ago. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) Beside, Design and build combines into a single role the design responsibility of the project A/E and the building function of the prime contractor. 3.2.2 all in As known package deal is one of the all in contracting and it is a type of procurement method where a contractor is given the responsibility for the whole thing that is required and necessary for the design, construction and delivery of the project. Beside, under this package deal system the service of the contractor will be include the preparation of project brief, sketch and final working drawings getting all the approval from authorities, project financing, construction, furnishing and commissioning of all equipments and accessories and handing over the project to the client. Turnkey contract is one of the American term for the all in or package contract. Under this system, a contractor is entrusting to undertake the responsibilities for every necessary and required thing for the construction, completion, commissioning and hand over the project. The word turnkey means that, upon completion, the client is given the key and he can then enter the project by turning the key. The contractor had to do the whole thing from preparing project brief, getting approval, designing, financing, construction, furnishing and decorating to commissioning and handing over completed, cleaned and ready for use project. Develop and construct is also one of the integrated procurement which is much similar to design and build. In this case, the contractor is still given the responsibility for both the design and construction of the project. The difference is that, under Develop and Construct method the design consultants of client will prepare the concept of sketches or designs and passed them to the contractor and develop them and produced the detailed working drawings. The contractor will construct and complete the project based on what it has developed and produced. 3.2.3 Method Use / basis of procurement As known that there have four type of procurement in building industry. Design and Build is one of the procurement that using in the construction industry. Main contractor in Design and Build procurement is responsible for undertaking both the design and construction work on a project, for an agreed lump-sum price. Design and Build project can be different depending on the contractors design responsibility and the initial design in the employers requirements. However, for the Design and Build the contractors design responsibility is much greater than traditional contract with a contractor designed portion. Beside, sufficient time is needed for the contractor to prepare the employers requirements (usually employer will appoint consultants to facilitate this). The sufficient time is needed for the contractor to prepare their proposal and the tender price. By the way, proposal that been prepared by the contractor must matches all of the employers requirements before any of the contract are entered into. Furthermore, normally employer has power to control over the design elements of the project according to their requirements. But once the contract is passes the responsibility to the contractor, so the employer has no direct control over the contractor detailed design. 3.2.4 Forms of contract In the Design and Build procurement there have some of the contract documents which is formal agreement, conditions of contract, employers requirements, contractor proposals and schedule of rates. 3.3 Roles / responsibilities of each party involved Party involved in the Design and Build procurement is contractor and the client / employer. The responsibility of the contractor in the Design and Build procurement is concept design, tender and contracting, construction with detail design and the construction and hand over. Beside, the responsibility of the client and consultants is project brief, feasibility study and tender document. Client and Consultant responsibility Construction and hand over Detail design Construction Tender and contracting Concept design Tender Document Feasibility study Project brief Contractor responsibility Figure : The Integrated Process of Project Designing and Construction in the Design and Build Procurement System (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 3.4 The cost, time and quality of via using Design and Build Method: 3.4.1 Cost Cost for one project of building is very important. In each of the procurement it has their special way to price the cost of a building. In case of design and build, cost is fixed at the tender stage and is subject to design changes, normally it is often higher than the traditional contracting system. Comparison between the design build procurement and traditional procurement, traditional procurement design will be completed during tender stage and it will set up a high level of price certainty except for the fluctuations in the cost of labor and materials. The reason often is higher than the traditional contracting system is because once the tender is accepted, the tender price will be the final contract sum. It is not subject to change, unless there are variations required or instructed by the client. Such additional cost also cannot be avoided because under this procurement system the contractor will to take much of the financial risk. 3.4.2 Time In design and build procurement also know fast-tracking orbuild-it-fast project. So that it is suitable for the private clients, who want quick return on their investment, especially for commercial projects. The projects can be procured by negotiation rather than competition. This is because the design and build procurement save a lot of time depends on traditional procurement. By the way, traditional methods are most suitable for both public and private clients who want to control the stipulated overall time for the construction projects. All the operations are subject to considerable scrutiny and governed by fairly strict procedures especially in government funded development agencies. 3.4.3 Quality In Design and Build procurement the whole construction process (pre and post contract works) is undertaken by only one party which will slightly affect the quality level of the construction project. Design and build method is also suitable to the projects that need early completion, so the quality of the work will be affected. Its compared to the traditional method, traditional method It produce the highest quality of work. The project is usually competitively tendered to a contractor before work starts on a lump sum basis. The design will be done before the commencement of construction and thus, the quality of work will be higher. Each process of construction is undertaken by different parties having varied expertise in the building team. 3.5 Advantages Disadvantages of Design and Build Method: In case of advantage of design and build procurement in construction industry, the advantage is it is suitable for all clients, including inexpert clients and those requiring distance from the project. By the way It is also cost certainty and faster track. Beside the disadvantage is it is not suitable for complex buildings and uncertain or developing client brief. 4.0 d) Procurement using Integrated or Partnering Method 4.1 Introduction of Integrated or Partnering Method: Integrated or Partnering methods of procurement also can know as collaborative procurement. What is an Integrated and Partnering method? It is a form of procurement suited to large projects and a long term commitment between two or more organisations for the purpose of achieving specific business objectives by maximising the effectiveness of each participants resources. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) Besides that, it also is about working as a team, regardless of organisation or location to achieve and to meet a clients needs. In construction industry, the Integrated or Partnering methods is intended to focus the participants of a project is attentive to delivering a project on time, to budget and to quality. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) This procurement methods will enables team building and measurement and improvement of team performance on a project to project basis. Other than that, it also knows as a parallel or single responsibility procurement system where the client will only need to deal with a single organisation for both the designing and constructing the proposed project. In addition, the method is also to ensure that the contractors and consultants fully involve into the Integrated and Partnering process. Furthermore, the general approach that using procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods is for the client organisation, consultants, contractors and selected sub-contractors to sign a partnering agreement and can be a legal contractual agreement or regular contracts can be in place with the partnering objectives set down in a separate charter. In this situation, the role of contractor will have to engage and be responsible for design and construction teams for the clients project. Under this method, the clients consultants will prepare a tender or bidding document that include the project brief and clients requirements by information giving by client. After that, the consultant will start invite a number of contractor to bid for the project. For submitting tenders, the invited contractor will produce their own design, construction and cost proposal. Usually the contractor that successful in bidding will into a contract based on lump sum price and a period of time that already fixed. 4.2 The cost, time and quality of via using Integrated or Partnering Method: 4.2.1 Cost The Integrated or Partnering methods will help to reduce the cost of projects of the client. Although these are difficult to quantify accurately as there is a very wide range of percentage savings reported worldwide. Besides that, additional costs are incurred by all partners as a result of the need to hold workshops and to train stuff and also as a result of the expenditure on extra management time. There is little doubt, however, that Integrated or Partnering method will produce greater reductions over cost than other procurement methods. 4.2.2 Time The period of construction and design are reduced and sometime are shortened because the there are good relationship between consultant, contractor and client and with a good briefing about project by client and consultant and contractor can calculate the amount of the project needed and design a projects due to client requirements. Using this method can save a lot of time and select the most 4.2.3 Quality Using the Integrated or Partnering methods, the quality of the final product is improved and safety standards are heightened. This is because mutually beneficial total quality management scheme can be jointly implemented which mean they are good in coordinate their work due to their specialist and can deliver the projects well and quality of the project will increase due to their efficiency. 4.3 Advantages Disadvantages of Integrated or Partnering method: 4.3.1 Advantages of Integrated or Partnering method Conflict among all of the members of the project team, and particularly between client and contractor and contractor and subcontractor or supplier, is reduced, as the number of disputes and claim. Communication between all members of the project team is improved, and the establishment of mutual objectives ensures that the clients needs and objective are known and understood by all of those involved. The achievement of more efficient working and greater productivity that has been recorded as a result of the principle of continuous improvement will benefit all participants in their general activities as well as the specific projects with which they are involved. When involved in Integrated or Partnering methods, the participants should benefit from the increased amount of innovative thinking and research and development that can be carried out as a result of sharing ideas and pooling resources. Contractors, when involved in Integrated or Partnering methods, are able to rely on proportion of their annual workload being assured for at least the duration of the partnering programmed, and the costs normally associated with tendering for the amount of work in the programmed will not be incurred. 4.3.2 Disadvantages of Integrated or Partnering method There is always the possibility that the client will not be able, or may not wish, to honour the arrangement to provide as much work as was originally envisaged, leaving the other partners with voids in their order books which they may find difficult to fill. The relationships built up during the partnered projects can lead to cosy associations which do not encourage new ideas or a dynamic approach to the management of the project. Team members, when returning to their parent organisations, may find that there has been a hiatus in their career progression and that they have difficulty in acclimatising to the different culture. Confidentiality can be compromised as a result of the opening up of information that is normally restricted to the organisations from which it originated. Maintaining the commitment of staff, and particularly senior management, especially during the early stages of a project or programme when the benefits of partnering have not yet become evident, can be problematic and may even prove to be impossible. Difficulties can arise as a result of conflicts that may occur between the partnering charter or framework, which usually are not intended to have any legal standing, and the terms and conditions of the formal contracts between the various parties involved in the projects.

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Dispute

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, or ANWR, is a refuge geared toward preserving national wildlife in northeastern Alaska. ANWR is about 19 million acres, in space, and contains a potential drilling spot for oil and petroleum. The potential drilling spot is a small area known as the 10-02 Area. It is only 1. 5 million acres, or 8%, of ANWR, would even be considered for development (What is ANWR). The controversy surrounding ANWR is whether to drill or not to drill into the 10-02 area. Some people want to preserve the wilderness and to find more fuel-efficient technologies.Others want to lower gas prices and to create more job opportunities. If the government decides to drill for oil, it could possibly lead to about 17 billion barrels of oil, to last the United States for the next 20 years. According to the official ANWR website, Prudhoe Bay is located 60 miles west of ANWR and has produced about 10 billion barrels of oil in the past 20 years. It is currently producing about 1. 4 millio n barrels a day, but is slowly declining; this induces the need for a new source. The northeastern part of ANWR is America’s best opportunity in finding another oil and gas field the size of Prudhoe Bay.The coastal plain of ANWR could produce up to 1. 5 million barrels of oil a day and would save the U. S. $14 billion a year in imports (Making the Case). 75% of Alaskans want to drill in the designated ANWR area, 10-02. They feel that it could possibly relieve Americans of their foreign dependency for imported oil and petroleum. The United States currently spends up to $330 billion on foreign oil imports, not including the money used to protect and acquire it. The total area of area10-02 only amounts to 8% of ANWR’s total area, which is 1. million acres. Out of the 1. 5 million acres considered for development, only 2,000 acres of the Coastal Plain would actually be affected, which is less than half of one percent (Top Ten). Drilling in ANWR would also create anywhere f rom 250,000 to 750,000 job opportunities, as well as an opportunity to better the economy. Drilling in ANWR also has no impact on wildlife. This can be proven by the fact that the Central Arctic Caribou Herd that migrates through Prudhoe Bay has grown from 3,000 to its current population of about 32,000 healthy caribou.The total amount of oil that is expected from ANWR estimates from 9 to 16 billion barrels (Making the Case). There is also an underside to drilling in ANWR. Although it would considerably lower gas prices, it would take approximately ten years for the oil to actually reach the marketplace. Clara Tsang argues that instead of drilling in ANWR, the government should produce more energy-efficient technologies. She also states that during the peak of drilling, only 876,000 barrels of oil will be produced a day. That is not enough oil to significantly reduce world oil prices.She states that the 2000 acres designated for drilling, Area 10-02, only accounts for where the actu al equipment will be, not including the areas of the oil reservoirs. Lastly, Tsang argues the destruction of moral and spiritual grounds for conserving a place for meditation and inspiration (Tsang). On the official website for the Defenders of Wildlife, it states that we shouldn’t industrialize a natural treasure (Arctic National). It also states that if drilling became imminent that destroy the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea, the most sensitive area of the entire refuge.They believe in preserving the national wildlife’s habitat, instead of tampering with an arctic, subarctic and boreal ecosystem (Wildlife Impacts). According to the ANWR official website, Louisiana can be greatly affected by drilling in ANWR. It would create approximately 14,800 jobs in module and facility construction, exploration, and production engineering. It also states that Louisiana has already been greatly affected by Prudhoe Bay. Since 1980, Louisiana has spent almost $400 million in Prudh oe Bay. Also, over 850 Louisiana vendors are doing business in Alaskan oil fields.An example is the Prudhoe Bay gas expansion module GHX-2, produced in New Iberia, in 1994 (What Development). Drilling in ANWR could greatly benefit the United States. It could boost the economy, decrease foreign oil trade, lower oil prices worldwide and create about 750,000 jobs, throughout the United States. On the other hand it could ruin ecosystems and tamper with wildlife’s habitats, for a less than significant amount of oil. Either way a decision has to be made. Prudhoe Bay is steadily declining. The question is whether the government wants to ontinue paying the high price of foreign imports or drill at ANWR and potentially ruin fragile and ecologically sensitive ecosystems.Works Cited â€Å"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. † Defenders. org. 2008. Defenders of Wildlife. 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"Making the Case for ANWR†. ANWR. org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < ; http://www. anwr. org/Background/Making-the-Case-for-ANWR. php>. â€Å"Top Ten Reasons to Support ANWR Development. † ANWR. org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < http://www. anwr. rg/ANWR-Basics/Top-ten-reasons-to-support-ANWR-development. php>. Tsang, Clara. â€Å"Arguments Against Drilling in ANWR. † 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"What Development of Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain Means to Louisiana. † ANWR. org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"What is ANWR and Where is it? † ANWR. org 2008. Frontier Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < http://www. anwr. org/ANWR-Basics/What-is-ANWR-and-where-is-it. php>. â€Å"Wildlife Impacts from Oil Drilling in the Refuge. † Defenders. org. 2008. Defenders of Wildlife. 19 Oct. 2008. .

Breathing walls technology

In developed countries, people spend 90% of their lives inside buildings. During this time, the nature of the enclosed environment has direct impact on the lives of the occupants. It is therefore imperative that the buildings have conducive environment where this will impact the lives of the occupants. The buildings that are there today have serious problems about the indoor air quality. The US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) agrees to the fact that 30% of new or buildings which have been renovated have IAQ problems.This has been ranked as the most prominent problem. In regions where there is high climates like Japan, there has been need to utilize breathing walls technology; this has been achieved easily with the use of passive ventilation done at the surfaces of walls, an approach which has been deemed as a success. The installations of systems such as these have been seen to be effective and provide an easy way of providing a healthy and comfortable environment with higher ene rgy efficiency.With this in mind, this paper will therefore look at the development of â€Å"Breathing Wall† technology which is constructed using Aluminum sheets that form a multiple air-layered architecture. Studies that have been done in the past allude to the fact that passive ventilation systems can provide sufficient thermal insulation and provide a way where moisture can be transmitted for temperature-climate regions even when the amount of air being infiltrated increases as a result of strong wind in the outside. In this study, there is a practical passive ventilation system which is being considered.In this study, breathing walls were installed on the opposite sides of a scale mock-up house constructed outdoors and the properties of natural ventilation, thermal insulation, moisture transmission and indoor climate in natural weather conditions were analyzed extreme. Literature review There have been a lot of strategies that have been embraced so that the removal of ai r pollutants can be achieved. All in all, there are design strategies that have been employed from time immemorial in the quest to get conducive working and living environments for buildings.The first line of attack was the use of avoidance of products that contain solvents, glues and plastics. There is an increasing production of commercial products like paint, glues, materials, and systems. Exclusion is also another strategy that has been used in the past to eradicate corrosive elements from the walls of the buildings. Exclusion is another strategy that can be used to provide IAQ. The control of radon, as an example, requires that there be an airtight floor and basement system. The exclusion of radon from the interior environment must be a serious consideration for the design of an IAQ.The ventilation of living areas does aid radon control, but is important to have a design and build the ground floor or basement as airtight as possible so that penetration to the building can be av oided. The use of systems approach is another strategy that can be used to provide IAQ. The problem with this is the fact that these strategies cannot be used on their own. There is need to have a holistic approach in the provision of internal air quality. In the past there has been the approach of using offgas material and this has been a necessary approach.However, ventilation, air barriers, humidity control, and high surface temperatures can work together so that better IAQ can be achieved. This is better than using either approach independently. The use of â€Å"atmungsfaehig† or breathable walls then promised to be a better approach towards the getting of internal air quality. This was recommended by designers of healthy housing. This was especially recommended by the Baubiologie; the term is itself used in an imprecise manner in the English language (George, & Ritz, 1994). There has been confusion in the use of the term.A review of the literature shows that what constit utes a â€Å"breathing wall† is still not clear. Although breathing wall implies good flow of air, this is not always the case. When used scientifically, this term means that there is an open flow of vapor diffusion. This combination of properties makes it possible for a large amount of water vapor to be absorbed quickly. This regulates room climate and hence indoor air quality. Although other gases are also capable of diffusing through walls, water vapor is one of the very important determinants of air quality in a room. They determine the healthy of a room.In the design of healthy houses, the design of interior partitions and internal design is based on making sure that water vapor breathability is achieved. Breathing wall infrastructure The breathing wall is composed of a component which is core and is constructed using aluminum foils, and interior/exterior materials. The use of aluminum foils is chosen because they have high reflectance and low remittance thus they can co unteract the loss of thermal insulation capability due to the presence of several air layers. There are factors which must be considered in the construction of the breathing wall.These factors include: i. The number of internal fouls that should be included in the wall ii. The thickness of the wall is of paramount importance iii. The rate of flow of air through the wall should also be considered. This is important because it influences the thermal insulation capability. iv. The diameter of the hole and the spacing of each of the foil sheet is also important consideration as it influences the air flow rate and the transmission of the moisture (Jonathan, & Woodha, 1997). Design constraints There are design constraints which are used in the construction of the breathing wall technology.They are as follows: i. Continual indoor ventilation under natural conditions using no air-conditioning equipment. ii. The entire surface of the wall should be able to give proper ventilation (air infilt ration), which is controlled by heat recovery inside the wall in order to lower heat losses. iii. High thermal insulation capability iv. There should be no disturbance of the indoor air distribution v. There should be prevention of internal condensation by controlling the amount of moisture passing through the inner structure of the wall.